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Flaying, also known as skinning, was a torture method which originated from 883-859 BC and documented in both carvings and official royal edicts. Assyria emerged as a territorial state in the 14th century B.C. Involving the severing of the ribs from the spin using a sharp implement, the victims lungs are subsequently pulled through the space created and draped over their shoulders to create the illusion of wings. His website is regularly updated with everything he writes. 0000002742 00000 n They invented the battering ram, a device that would have seemed completely unstoppable in their time. Any outsider who would gaze upon the monument would know not to mess with Lagash. Aside from inflicting agonizing pain, one of the main purposes of this method was to inflict severe humiliation upon the victim. An envoy would ride up to the city walls, knowing the fear the people there already felt, and would promise them that if they bowed down and paid tribute to Assyria, they would be allowed to live. He has been a guest speaker on numerous national radio and television stations and is a five time published author. Assyrian art, an introduction (article) | Khan Academy An illustration of execution by breaking wheel in Augsburg, Bavaria (c. 1586). This is often referred to as flaying alive. 434 0 obj<> endobj These kind of artifacts are very common. Torturemuseum.net. Sometimes, they would stripped naked to humiliate them and leave them feeling weak and vulnerable. 5X9&,6a4'r3n[?Ve:&gFiM lv_EVUW[!cq\'C+Czgzqq/6HwCA wVg/Bpm#*2)}my~MTeY NP;w4SvTNY6qo(W|EA-x*^sKK.y0Es}nCas -KosEI`uz}hZNOtDjd-K/-t {)M]4R,!X^f~4EE?TuMR)lGGw#~P 67SKEvs *!2Fg2$d,NX7E5_O[*b,@2B@r5[*X>l4[-eKfv)=Jf,vv]},.q@cUSU}Wz_b=LUB"wixJ uul|6pj~J&HlF%: ^ , In some instances, mercy might be granted allowing for a swifter death, with the wheelset on fire or the condemned beheaded. The people of a conquered nation would be spread about the kingdom, living alongside of people from foreign lands instead of their own countrymen to keep them packing together and staging a revolt. Grisly Assyrian Record of Torture and Death The BAS Library This method was allegedly used in the 20th century by Chilean dictator, Augusto Pinochet. [00aR/NU(=PpF @#2:0D)5@SH(*@6C Using an intricate system of tubes and piping, the screams of the roasting prisoner were transmuted into sounds reminiscent of a raging bull. Maria Instead, they were more frequently attached by rope in order to prolong the torture. As with all human endeavors, we gradually perfected the art of torture over the centuries, refining the necessary tools to inflict the greatest possible pain upon our unfortunate victims. Keelhauling, which dates back in 800 B.C. 10, The Strappado, by Jacques Callot (c. 1633). "They hung us up from our wrists to the ceilings. Continuing in usage throughout Medieval Europe, most commonly as part of the execution of traitors, flaying became so popular in Imperial China that the Hongwu Emperor ordered the mass flaying of 5,000 women in 1396. Since the victim would most likely lose consciousness after one or two severe wounds. The former, a bi-pronged fork attached to a belt around the victims neck, unflinchingly secured the angle of the head. The Assyrian empire was located in Mesopotamia near the Euphrates River. Since March 2011, when the people's revolution started in Syria, 14,235 people were killed by torture by Assad regime forces, according to a report by the Syria Network of Human Rights (SNHR). Wardah Hajra These horrific and brutal images would surly make any enemy fear the wrath of Lagash. The Worst Ways to Die: Torture Practices of the Ancient World Top 10 risk factors an airplane is in danger, 10 Most Controversial Athletes of All Time, 10 Biggest Celebrity Scandals and Controversies of Hollywood, Hot Bolivian Women: Meet The 10 Most Beautiful Girl from Bolivia, Top 10 Most Beautiful and Hottest Cambodian Women, The 10 best women volleyball players in the world. The king of Urartu, upon hearing the Assyrian army approach, stabbed himself in the chest rather than face them. Thereafter, the pulped remains of the still-living criminal were strapped to the wheel itself and erected on a pole, akin to a crucifixion, until death. The sailor would be tied to a rope that encircled the underside of the ship, whereupon, being thrown overboard, they would be dragged underneath the ship and along the keel to emerge on the other side. Suspending the individual by a rope attached to the wrists, with weights added, if necessary, to increase the pain. She was subsequently executed by decapitation. The method was done by tying the victim in a wooden frame and then cutting the flesh in varied, multiple and non-deadly slices. . I let the leaders of the conquered cities be flayed, and clad the city walls with their skins. Used most commonly as a punishment for crimes against the state, appearing in civilizations and cultures around the world as among the harshest means of capital punishment, contrary to immediate assumptions impalement did not render a swift death. Syrian Man Reveals Worst Torture Methods Used by the Regime The Flaying of Marsyas, by Titian (c. 1576). Allegedly originating in Ceylon, with the first recorded account of bamboo torture stemming from a Madras civilian traveling during the 1820s in India, similar depictions have survived from throughout the region. It has been suggested, without corroboration, that these candles were used as decorations during formal parties held by Nero. Overhead, the men inside the engine were protected by wooden plates covered in damp animal skins that put out the flaming arrows the defenders fired from above. Among the alleged cruelties bestowed upon these religious minorities was the so-called Roman Candle. Gradually declining, by 1813 the practice started to be outlawed, with the last known execution by the wheel known to have occurred taking place in Prussia in 1841. At least two individuals, Richard Roose and Margaret Davy, in 1531 and 1542 respectively, are known to have suffered this particular fate before abandonment under Edward VI in 1547. . Lingchi, also known as death by a thousand cuts, was a form of execution used in China from around 900 AD until it was banned in 1905. The Rassam cylinder in the British Museum describes this: Their corpses they hung on stakes, they took off their skins and covered the city wall with them.[3]. . Shakespeare referenced the practice in The Winters Tale, whilst the legendary fictitious hunter Allan Quartermain experiences a vision of the brutal technique. A Judas Cradle, on display at the Museum of Torture in Freiburg, Germany. Assyria made sure of it. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. This was a whole engine on wheels. His prolonged exposure and his flesh rotting away due to his own filth and the insects devouring him would eventually lead to his horrifying demise. Reserved for crimes of an especially heinous nature, notably treason, mass murder, or the killing of close family members, lingchi was designed as a cruel method of causing incrementally unbearable agony for its victims. Frequently using oil, tar, or tallow, various cultures and civilizations spanning Europe and Asia are known to have employed boiling as a means of inflicting great pain upon condemned persons. Royal edicts dating from the time of Ashurnasirpal II glorify the deed, proclaiming I have clad the pillar in the flayed skins. %PDF-1.4 % The most recent confirmed case occurred in New Jersey in 2010, when David Wax threatened a kidnap victim with rat torture. They seized my feet and said: If it pleases you, kill! 10 Brilliant And Brutal Methods Of Ancient Psychological Warfare 2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0- @8(r;q7Ly&Qq4j|9 Although women were excluded from these practices and doctors were required to be present, the Inquisition nevertheless enjoyed near limitless authority to inflict suffering upon those entrusted to their custody. I let the leaders of the conquered cities be flayed, and clad the city walls with their skins. When they came to your town, the men at the gates were vicious and battle-hardened. and remained in use up to the 19th century. Their torturers would continuously hurl verbal abuse at the prisoners, al-Drubi recounted. Wikimedia Commons. From Ashurnasirpal II:.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, I have made a pillar facing the city gate, and have flayed all the rebel leaders; I have clad the pillar in the flayed skins. The victim would suffer hours of agonizing pain as the rats dig a hole through his body, after which he would inevitably die. The victims bones would be crushed and would sometimes burst through the skin. Flaying: Inside The Grotesque History Of Skinning People Alive The article "Grisly Assyrian Record of Torture and Death" by Erika Bleibtreu gives an insight into the ways of the Assyrian military campaigns and battles. Activists are now calling on Congress to place more sanctions . Abstract and Figures. After Perillos created his device, Phalaris allegedly ordered the engineer demonstrate its effectiveness with his own flesh. Their reputation was so fierce that Jonah fled in fear when God commanded him to speak in Ninevah, Assyria's capital (Jonah 1:1?3).Assyrian soldiers were equipped with the latest weaponry, including barbed arrows, catapults, and siege machines. The early Assyrians were a warrior society. Equally, their hands and feet might be tied together to make balancing even harder or oil poured over the chair. The device is rarely washed, so the victim either dies from impalement or infection. Sometimes, they got creative. The Assyrians The Appalling Lords of Torture | Lessons from History Write Sign up Sign In 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our end. Originally used by the Spanish Inquisition and other Holy Orders of the Middle Ages as part of interrogations, including against legendary Italian author Niccol Machiavelli in 1513, the practice endured well into the Modern Age. The men of Assyrian army reported experiences that modern psychologists say show wide-spread symptoms of post-traumatic stress. As noted, the length of time before an individual would be impaled varied significantly. Flaying was both torture and execution, the method was slow and painful like most execution methods. Scenes of similar punishments can be seen on excavated Assyrian materials. It was believed that Lingchi was a punishment that the accused would have to carry even in the afterlife, where he would not be whole even after death. Louvre, Tello (ancient Girsu). The Assyrian soldiers were trained in siege warfare, battle tactics, and hand-to-hand . A dead animal may be flayed when preparing it to be used as human food, or for its hide or fur. If a man was caught with another man, the law said, they shall turn him into a eunuch. Adultery was punishable by death. Appearing just twice in Norse literature, although popularized subsequently in European mythology, it remains a matter of historic debate whether the blood eagle was a literal procedure or rather a product of allegorical exaggeration not uncommon to the Sagas. Middle Ages Torture: Devices & Techniques - The Finer Times A standing army is one made up of professional soldiers whose only job is to fight. Survival time would vary from a few minutes to several days, depending on how the stake was inserted. Torture is unpleasant, as indeed is the intended purpose of the practice. And some sent tributes to Assyria before they ever looked their way, surrendering before theyd even approached to keep them away. The ancient Assyrian were among the most ruthless of all ancient warriors. BCE) detailing the punishment of impalement for women convicted of murdering her husband. A millennium later, the Neo-Assyrian King Sennacherib (r. 705-681 BCE) is recorded as impaling surviving Judeans after the Siege of Lachish. Every Assyrian man, from the poorest to the richest, was required to serve in the army. It was one of the ideas that made Assyria so strong. Another historic method of execution which served as a form of torture in its own right, the punishment of being hung, drawn, and quartered originated in England during the Middle Ages. . Heating the bowls with charcoal, the rats would gnaw into the very bowels of the victim. Refresh the page, check Medium 's site status, or. The Judas Cradle is a stool-shaped torture device with a pyramid structure on top. [7][8] Hai Rui suggested that his emperor flay corrupt officials. 0000001565 00000 n This method of torture was executed in several ways, like; Tying the victim to a pole and peeling his facial skin first, or submerging the victim in boiling water before the flaying. These people were usually lucky enough to bring their families. This practice, in addition to causing immense suffering, was supposed to represent the spiritual defilement of the individual, with their eternal soul unable to reside in one piece in future lives. (AFP/GETTY IMAGES). The Assyrian empire dominated Mesopotamia and all of the Near East for the first half of the first millennium B.C.E., led by a series of highly ambitious and aggressive warrior kings. Centuries before the United States of America would adopt the use of sleep deprivation and enforced standing to entice confessions and acquire intelligence, the Inquisition developed two ruthless mechanisms to achieve the same end: the Heretics Fork and Neck Traps. Assyrian art shows a parade of their slaves chained to large stones, being forced to drag massive rocks like mules. In the ancient Far East, where there were large states peopled by many different ethnicities, leaders demonstrated their might by inventing ingenious new tortures and agonizing methods of execution as a way to keep the population obedient. Keelhauling, taking its name from the Dutch Kielhalen meaning to drag along the keel, was a torturous punishment inflicted upon sailors whilst at sea. While some claimed that it was a fast procedure which lasted from 15 to 20 minutes. *H{kI)-wr`-4'DL Xoi)0Mo)ls}T[3 t0p`CF/.Dr7!aLpjBO*\NbaosG.^({B$JGfWtf}-GQEN]3;TFyebpn$D. If it pleases you, spare! The people seem to have been a bit squeamish about enacting these lawsbut they made sure they did it. Every young man was expected to train as a warrior and be ready to fight. Using this method of torture would require the victim to be stripped and suspended above the device. Equally, in 1675 the Sikh martyr Bhai Dayala was subjected to boiling after refusing to convert to Islam; according to legend, as he burned Dayala calmly recited Sikh scripture. The Blood Eagle is a haunting form of execution used by the Vikings. They described hearing and seeing ghosts talking to them, who would be the ghosts of people theyd killed in battle, says Professor Jamie Hacker Hughes. The United States has continued to use the method as recently as 2003, when, under interrogation by the CIA, Manadel al-Jamadi was killed after just 30 minutes at Abu Ghraib Prison. Although today generally outlawed (at least in the Western world; regarded as a barbaric deed) torture was once regarded as a righteous and just treatment in response to a criminal outrage. This would result to the body looking like a spread eagle, thus the name of the torture method. This was Assyriathe first nation to make its military might its central policy and the first nation to torment its enemies with psychological warfare. From here, he was transferred to the Hama military airport, where he was beaten upon arrival, stripped naked, interrogated and tortured. As the Assyrian Empire grew, they built a standing army. In the past, rulers also included these extra elements of punishment to turn executions into spectacles. This excruciating method has been used throughout history ever since then, and probably before as well. wG xR^[ochg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-,Y*6X[F=3Y~d tizf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:O:8uJqnv=MmR 4 As both accounts were written many years after the events detailed, their veracity cannot be fully ascertained. The method can be traced all the way back to 911 BC, where it was practiced by the Neo-Assyrian Empire. [2] Already from the times of Ashurnasirpal II (r. 883859 BC), the practice is displayed and commemorated in both carvings and official royal edicts. The fragment above is part of the Stele of Vultures. 10 Times Britain Was Successfully Invaded, Top 10 Must-See Recent Genre-Defying Horrors, The Listverse Compendium Of 113 Halloween Horrors, 10 Men Suspected Of Being Jack The Ripper (Who, 10 Ways Being Attractive Can Work Against You, 10 People Who Willingly Returned To Being Prisoners, Bizarre Police Vehicles That Are Actually Being Used, 8 Dark Facts About Being Single, And Why You Really, 10 Controversial Toys You Might Already Have in Your Home, Ten Absolutely Vicious Fights over Inherited Fortunes, 10 Female Film Pioneers Who Shaped the Movies, Ten True Tales from Americas Toughest Prison, 10 Times Members of Secretive Societies and Organizations Spilled the Beans, 10 Common Idioms with Unexpectedly Dark Origins, 10 North American Animals with Misplaced Reputations, eat their own excrement and drink their own urine, necklaces with their kings heads on them, 10 Forgotten Battles That Changed World History, 10 Stages in the History of Drinking Parties, 10 Letters From Everyday People On The Other Side Of History, 10 Eccentric Ways To Obtain A Medal Of Honor. & 636BC, "Hypatia and pagan philosophical culture in the later fourth century", 1575 Painting: The Flaying of Marsyas, by Titian, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flaying&oldid=1142268127, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Vasak Mamikonyan, commander-in-chief of the Armenian army during the reign of, In 1314, the brothers Aunay, who were lovers of the daughters-in-law of king. The victim was forced to carry their crossbeam to the place of public execution, weighing an estimated 100 lbs, where they would be displayed. Then each of you will eat fruit from your own vine and fig tree and drink water from your own cistern. Those who did not, he warned, will have to eat their own excrement and drink their own urine.. Also, their land was a geographical passage for various armies marching towards their enemies on the way. The Breast Ripper, also known as the Iron Spider, was an instrument of torture during the latter years of the Middle Ages. A still from S2E4 of Game of Thrones, depicting the historical rat torture. They poured boiling water over us, burned us with cigarette butts.". Accused of attending anti-regime protests, al-Drubi, 42, was detained in 2012. The Assyrians created tablets that showed them torturing their enemies to let the next city know what was coming. The ultimately fatal fires were started from the feet, in order to prolong the suffering for those so condemned. Under the Habsburgs, the number of strikes inflicted was used as a measure of the severity of criminal conduct by the condemned. There, the prisoners suffered being coated in pitch, oil and other flammable substances, before being set alight. Experts from conquered countries would be sent into the heart of the nation, where they would be put to work building palaces, temples, and wonders. The brazen bull, also known as the Sicilian Bull, was a disputed torture device allegedly stemming from Ancient Greece, specifically the city-state of Akragas. VEerzLB(%_E|=".hq%%}]|~8P[Cxwf{7B_`s@jKSbJAsxAP,XRY\HmY8@iCK3rT ,4 _f,alNsg3kCQ87{i$js/8ZuU5{3{$\^75Bp,?q[Y0WB:Zi>PTYa,j0a'Np^ee6d1}$|>U}co~UE~OeXm7lfb}@;`b\v+Tu:2ylCYac0A-z~wg0y'4>-{3Qka3EJ?4uObNW=IeZ6oKq'Rcca.PvFz4Mw_Wsn>!);? And, it was described as one of the most cruel and graphic torture methods ever used. Facing blame for both causing the blaze and providing inadequate response to the inferno, which caused widespread damage to 10 of Romes 14 districts, Emperor Nero blamed the fiery outbreak on religious minorities including early Christians. Hypothesized to originate from the Kingdom of the Franks, by the time of the Holy Roman Empire it formed a staple of the legal system. Torturers would then use knives to make cuts on their. Starting with the dragging of the individual, fastened to a hurdle drawn by horse, from the site of imprisonment to their place of execution, along the route he would be pelted with rotten food and excrement by the public. 11 tortures from the Middle Ages that were reserved for women Insulted, humiliated, beaten, chased away, tortured Such is the fate of the "weaker sex" throughout history. Flaying of humans is used as a method of torture or execution, depending on how much of the skin is removed. Nearly 3,000 years ago, a nation few remember today swept through the Middle-East. (s.`Y fI2q-y6ZS?8,FYMe 8yj3O ,. Another innovation attributed to the Spanish Inquisition, the Judas Cradle, also known as the Judas Chair or Guided Cradle, was a torture device dating from the 16th century. HBO. References to a similar punishment for piracy existed in the Rhodian Maritime Code dating from 700 CE, but it was not until the Early Modern Period that keelhauling entered into prominence. Christ on the Cross, by Carl Bloch (c. 1870). As a form of punishment, crucifixion exists still today, notably in Saudi Arabia and Iran, where the most recent known occurrences of crucifixion occurred as recently as the early 2000s. The victims had mainly their faces flayed off, while they were still alive. Appearing in civilizations around the world, two primary purposes recur as the motivations behind the practice: human sacrifice and criminal punishment. Adriana John Life under the threat of Assyrian was horrifyingfor the Assyrians as well as their victims. Lingchi, known colloquially in the West as death by a thousand cuts, was a ritualistic form of torture prevalent in Imperial China. Make peace with me and come out to me! the envoy called out. 20 Of The Slowest Historical Torture Methods We Can't Believe Living Wikimedia Commons. The Appalling Lords of Torture | Lessons from History - Medium Attracting bugs and vermin, whilst also inducing diarrhea to lure additional parasites, the victim would be gradually consumed by the animals as they fed upon them. Instituted as the legal penalty for men convicted of high treason in 1352, although existing unofficially since the reign of Henry III, the condemned man would suffer a litany of successive violations, humiliations, and pains before his eventual death. Here are our sources: Japanese Torture Techniques, BBC (August 8, 2005), The Rise of the Dutch Republic, John Lothrop Motley, Bickers & Son (1883), The Pictorial History of England, George Lillie Craik and Charles McFarlane, Nabu Press (2010), Medieval Punishments: An Illustrated History of Torture, William Andrews, Skyhorse Publishing (2013), The Big Book of Pain: Torture & Punishment Through History, Mark P. Donnelly and Daniel Diehl, History Press Limited (2011), Amazing True Stories of Execution Blunders: Ghastly Blunders on the Scaffold, Geoffrey Abbott, Summersdale Publishing (2006), A Draft of the 1531 Acte for Poysoning', K.J. Before the battle began, people would often be given a chance to surrender. Premature or live burial, as the name suggests, refers to the practice of burying an individual whilst they are still alive. All of Assyria was subject to their resettlement policy, which uprooted whole families and moved them across the country. In contrast to common depiction, most crucifixions did not involve the nailing of the victims hands or feet to the cross. 0000001500 00000 n A 1593 engraved illustration of vertical impalement; author unknown. Public Domain. updated March 25, 2018, 6:05 pm, by It had an iron-capped ram that swung from chains, letting it crush its way through enemy walls like never before. Should the victim fall asleep or allow their head to droop, then the sharp prongs would begin to pierce their throat and neck. CONTENTS. 0000006301 00000 n They'd cut off the tongues of their captives so their screaming wouldn't be as loud when they were skinned alive. The Premature Burial, by Antoine Wiertz (c. 1854). A military culture. The horrors and the guilt of murdering and torturing innocent people wreaked havoc on their psyches. Middle Assyrian Period. If you kissed another mans wife, they would cut off your lower lip with an axe. Method of slow and painful execution in which skin is removed from the body, sfn error: no target: CITEREFRassam_Cylinder._The_British_Museum.636BC (, Htel Terminus: The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie, Rassam Cylinder. under a series of powerful rulers, becoming one of the world's earliest . Then the inquisitor would heat up the other end of the cage, leaving the panicked rats with no choice but to eat their way out through the victims flesh. It shows the decapitated heads of the enemy Ummite soldiers being carried away by vultures. The method was reborn during the modern age across Latin America, with its use recorded under the military dictatorships of Brazil, Chile, and Argentina. Murderers were handed over to the victims family, who were free to do with them as they willed. 10 Things to Know About the Assyrian Empire The practices represented in depictions include the cutting of the throats of enemies and the decapitation of dead bodies. [citation needed]. Eventually, depending on the strength of the individual, the victim would be unable to maintain the required position any longer and the pyramidal tip of the chair would begin to impale their anus. The Syrian Network for Human Rights (SNHR) states in its latest report issued today that it has documented 72 torture methods which the Syrian regime continues to practice in its detention centers and military hospitals, calling on the US Congress to pass the Caesar Act to provide accountability after identifying 801 individuals who appeared in The Zhengde Emperor flayed six rebels,[9] and Zhang Xianzhong also flayed many people. In many recorded instances, the breast would be ripped clean off, along with a substantial portion of the upper torso, resulting in near-instant death. The women had it even worse. Revived, castrated, disemboweled, before being finally beheaded, his body would subsequently be chopped into four pieces and displayed at prominent locales. The boot. "The nobles and elders of the city came out to me to save their lives," he declared. The executioner would then use a large wooden spiked wheel to mutilate the convicts body, starting from his legs. Unlike immurement, where the victims suffer for days or possibly weeks, those buried alive most commonly die long before dehydration takes effect. For example, Neo-Assyrian kings used it to punish rebel leaders. Today, the term Roman Candle refers to a type of Chinese firework that became popular in Western Europe during the Italian Renaissance. 0000001979 00000 n %%EOF Dermatologist Ernst G. Jung notes that the typical causes of death due to flaying are shock, critical loss of blood or other body fluids, hypothermia, or infections, and that the actual death is estimated to occur from a few hours up to a few days after the flaying. Sometimes, the executioner would be instructed to aim for the convicts heart or neck to cause immediate death. The men worked in a three-year cycle. updated March 31, 2020, 8:32 pm, by G*0 oAsvHkj]YK Ay$^i-:Gb&@SubuQ~ay@$": 1O4=z+088r"YWv;V?Ry6UR=r? Scaphism, also known as the boats, is a disputed method of Persian torture and execution. <<7a948a1f817a16499a21d19a53bed43a>]>> In 1323, the Mexica tribe asked for Yaocihuatl, daughter of Achicometl, ruler of Culhuacan in marriage. The period from the ninth century to the end of the seventh century B.C. Photo credit: Wikimedia. Grisly Assyrian Record of Torture and Death. The victim would either be rocked or dropped repeatedly onto the device, and the torture would usually be prolonged into several days. But some argue that there was a degree of dismemberment, and there were times when the subsequent cuts were carried out after the victims death as a form of public humiliation.