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[16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. As some of these languages show some form 30 Chiefly authority was however not absolute, as power was shared with lineage elders ( ladit kaka) and political authority was mainly vested in According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholiland at all times, based on their philosophy of life. The Lwoo. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. Malandra, Alfred (1939). This article was most recently revised and updated by, Minority Rights Group International - World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Acholi. neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. Ocheng, D. O. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. With higher population densities during the dry seasons, groups of families would fall under the rule of one person known as Jago, or clan chief (Cohen & Atieno-Odhiambo, 1968 , p . In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. When not disrupted or dispossessed by the violence endemic since the mid-1980s, most Acholi remain primarily mixed farmers. the northern regions, this relationship changed. The n, Mende A new sociopolitical orderand the basis of an Acholi identitywas established when chiefly institutions and ideology were introduced into Acholi by Luo-speaking Paluo from the neighboring kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. This belief underlies the customary land tenure rule that prohibits women from having rights to land independent of their relationship with their father or husband. other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the Science and Sustaining the Gains as PEPFAR Turns Twenty This report is a record of the virtual summit organized by the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Uganda for its stakeholders; Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) including its Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP), implementing partners, and . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used Omissions? Death and Afterlife. Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. The Central Lwo during the Aconya. Peace negotiations to end the long-running rebellion by the Lords Resistance Army continued, while security in the north improved through 2007. With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. organisation to survive, a common identity had to form to support this new social structure of Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. With colonial rule Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few [CDATA[ Led by Alice Auma, who claimed to Corrections? Organizational politics is a natural part of organizational life. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Uma, F. K. (1971). The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." and tributes paid to them. An Exploration of Linguistic Practices and Language Attitudes in Gulu, Northern Uganda. Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. the hands of Arabs, this prompted Acholi not to accept any foreigners on their land any Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. In the precolonial era, warfare, herding, and hunting were the domain of men. Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. Like Tattered Grass Beneath Warring Elephants: The Destruction of the All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. However, to what degree this emergence was accompanied with the creation of a common Forging Forgiveness: Collective Efforts Amidst War in Northern Uganda The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). We hope you find it interesting. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Orientation The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. The Acholi have a modified Iroquois kinship-terminology system, reflecting Acholi's patrilineal and patrilocal ideology. Political Organization. Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. Statt Afrika im Kampf gegen Hunger zu helfen, beuten Industriestaaten The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visted in an anonymous form. Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling While Bantu speaking groups had begun to occupy The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) Industrial Arts. Division of Labor. Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the social organization of acholi - Brainly.com The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. Acholi people - Wikipedia They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. He was defeated in January 1986. Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) interpolity interactions at the county level. This complex process was helped along by two major droughts, probably during the 1720s and c. 1790, which promoted larger-scale political leadership that held the promise of greater stability and security, and by the formation of neighboring identities against which members of an emergent Acholi could compete, compare, and define themselves. Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. Rwot, 'ruler'). the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), echoing some of the spiritual themes used by the Holy Spirit [12] These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point. As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. PUBLISHED: 30/01/2023. Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. M.A. Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs 1997. Webster, J. Arab trading routes coming from the north, trading in goods, but also in slaves. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Identification. (1936). Conflict. The Acholi Traditional Approach to Justice and the War in Northern [26][27], The NRA managed to defeat all the rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. Before the late seventeenth century, Luo speakers were limited to only a few peripheral areas of Acholi. The cookie is used by cdn services like CloudFare to identify individual clients behind a shared IP address and apply security settings on a per-client basis. Social Organization. Latigo, James, "The Acholi Traditional Conflict Resolution in Light of Current Circumstances:". Dwyer, John O. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". He wrote, "Part of the structural causes of the conflict in Uganda has been explained as rooted in the 'diversity of ethnic groups which were at different levels of socio-economic development and political organisation.' Okot p'Bitek (1963). One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . Inheritance. Encyclopedia.com. majority peasant population. Medicine. Orientation The socio-political and economic organization of the Maasai during the members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. Uganda, leading raids all over the region. jok ). It was not until 1995 that a constitutional reform recognized such cultural leaders, but they have not been fully restored to previous powers, as so much of society has changed. He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi. [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers.