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No one form of couple therapy stands out as superior to others. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: a. schizophrenia. c. take responsibility for harmful behavioral patterns. 2.3.1.5. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. d. bipolar disorder. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: a. using I language. Behaviors and thoughts may influence the development of psychological disorders. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: Antipsychotics are used to treat psychosis or conditions that affect the mind, and in which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not really there). They can be used to treat eating disorders, severe depression, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. 22. Gender plays an important, though at times, unclear role in mental illness. Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. If you do not believe you do anything right, list evidence of when you did not do something right and then evidence of when you did. Finally, acceptance techniques help reduce a clients worry and anxiety. c. working to change unacceptable thoughts. But as you will see, the individual does not have to present with the entire range of symptoms. 31. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. A patient has social anxiety disorder. The second part of personality emerges after birth with early formative experiences and is called the ego. c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. b. develop depression even when not under stress. Chapter Recap. c. psychodynamic a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. Conditioning is when learning occurs. All of the models include an element of the biological model. b. the libido. Rita is seeing a gestalt therapist because she has anxiety about confronting her sister regarding painful interactions from their childhood. What if? The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. a. cognitive-behavioral b. psychodynamic c. sociocultural d. humanistic-existential, 8. Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. Prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine. b. it is unclear whether problematic behaviors and cognitions are the cause of psychological difficulties or the result. a. The development of personality. The humanistic perspective, or third force psychology (psychoanalysis and behaviorism being the other two forces), emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as an alternative viewpoint to the largely deterministic view of personality espoused by psychoanalysis and the view of humans as machines advocated by behaviorism. Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? 134. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? d. Bandura. Which is an example of latent content? Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. 58. Western society was in turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to the rise of humanistic and existential therapies. b. existential. That is why a person inherits a susceptibility to a mental illness and doesnt necessarily develop the illness. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. a. cognitive-behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 10. The rabbit was far enough away so as not to cause distress. First, associative learning is the linking together of information sensed from our environment. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? A family systems theorist might suggest that Robin comes from a(n) _____ family. The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. d. latent content. ADHD is more common in males than females, though females are more likely to have inattention issues. 117. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: a. instincts, the ego, and the self. c. alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. Medical Model of Mental Health in Psychology 152. The events (response and consequence) are linked in time. 2.2.1.1. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. To begin, an applied behavior analyst identifies a target behavior, or behavior to be changed, defines it, works with the client to develop goals, conducts a functional assessment to understand what the undesirable behavior is, what causes it, and what maintains it. c. people are driven to self-actualize. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. 2.3.4.2. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. Antidepressants are used to treat depression, but also anxiety, insomnia, and pain. Postconditioning. 155. 39. Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship. b. change behaviors that are damaging to the relationship. c. irrational patterns of thinking. Which type of psychodynamic therapy encourages therapists to disclose things about themselves? b. Freud. A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: a. unknown causes. Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. 137. Describe observational learning and modeling. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. d. neurotransmitter imbalances. d. it is too narrow in certain ways. Gender is not a cause of mental illness, though differing demands placed on males and females by society and their culture can influence the development and course of a disorder. Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. Figure 2.9 shows that that are two main components that make up a reinforcement schedule when you will reinforce and what is being reinforced. 29. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? Another option to treat mental disorders is to perform brain surgeries. Conditioning. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: Nikolai's grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. c. regression. What if you found out that a friend who sits in the front row is a C student but sits there because he cannot see the screen or board, even with corrective lenses? A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. 45. Add them up and see if making some minor, or major, adjustments to your schedule will free an hour to get in some valuable exercise. Chapters 1,2,3,&4 Test Jeopardy Template The cognitive model focuses on schemas, cognitive errors, attributions, and maladaptive cognitions and offers strategies such as CBT, cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance. 110. The neuron. b. family structure and communication. d. countertransference. c. children who very seldom fight. Of importance to mental health professionals are the adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, and which release cortisol to help the body deal with stress. However, people can build up a tolerance to benzodiazepines if they are taken over a long period of time and may need higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, difficulty urinating, and irregular heartbeat, to name a few. They reflect our unconscious desires and needs. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? 56. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? b. focusing on the here and now. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. c. ego. Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. d. quaternary prevention. Low socioeconomic status has been linked to higher rates of mental and physical illness (Ng, Muntaner, Chung, & Eaton, 2014) due to persistent concern over unemployment or under-employment, low wages, lack of health insurance, no savings, and the inability to put food on the table, which then leads to feeling hopeless, helpless, and dependency on others. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. 94. a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: show unconditional positive regard for the client's statements. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. This is in accord with what Freud called: a. reflex. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. d. It focuses on educational goals rather than therapeutic purposes. 162. b. who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. d. unconscious feelings of loss. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. 157. Another example is how a baby will root for a food source if the mothers breast is placed near their mouth. d. It is difficult to predict which people who share the same culture will develop a particular disorder. The persons true intentions or thoughts and feelings are not readily available to us, or are covert, and do not make for useful empirical data. c. rationalization. c. primary process thought. All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way. Annually, approximately 100,000 undergo ECT to treat conditions such as severe depression, acute mania, suicidality, and some forms of schizophrenia. If you believe focusing on a problem generates a solution, then write down each time you ruminate and the result. d. indicator of psychological conflict. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral . c. deep brain stimulation. The main difference between these two systems is the speed with which they act. ABNORMAL CHAPTER 3 - Subjecto.com c. superego. It is the most commonly used biological treatment for mental disorders. Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. Describe commonly used treatments for mental illness. When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. Release of neurotransmitters is stopped. Once the electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, it stimulates synaptic vesicles or neurotransmitter sacs to release the neurotransmitter. Regarding the finding that there are more seriously disturbed people within poor subpopulations, a multicultural theorist would focus on the way in which: a. personal responsibility is related to dysfunction. b. c. helping the client gain insight into his or her unconscious desires and needs. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: In the 1960s and 1970s, social upheaval and soul-searching in Western society gave rise to humanistic and existential therapies. The nucleus is the control center of the neuron, and the soma is the cell body. The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. 146. PSYC 1101 Review for Chapter 12 - Subjecto.com Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. a. behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 6. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? Counselors, clinical psychologists, and psychotherapists often work directly in . Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. b. laissez-faire parenting style. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: a. authentic. All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. We may think so, but a review of the evidence for and against this statement will show that it does not and reduce how threatening it seems. 36. b. sociocultural You are doing your best. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. Life involves a degree of uncertainty, and at times we must accept this. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. Before introducing the current main models, it is crucial to understand what a model is. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. b. neurosis. c. prejudice and discrimination faced by women. Asking yourself what if something happens, without being satisfied by any of the answers. There are times when we learn by simply watching others. 15. Stimulants increase ones alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD. A person has a recurring dream of losing her dog. Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. How is the anatomy of the brain important to a discussion of psychopathology? This approach stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. 28. c. existential Observational learning. c. humanistic-existential This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego, 38. She interprets this to mean that the hospital is a threatening place because it's filled with dangerous diseases. 27. Step 1 Neurons waiting to fire are said to be in, Step 2 If adequately stimulated, the neuron experiences an, Step 3 Once the action potential passes from one segment of the axon to the next, the previous segment begins to, Step 4 After the neuron fires, it will not fire again no matter how much stimulation it receives. b. negative transference. 16. Negative means that something is being taken away good or bad. c. develop depression but recover more quickly. b. ones values and goals. Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. Blaming You focus on someone else as the source of your negative feelings and do not take any responsibility for changing yourself. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. c. psychodynamic. b. a severe mental illness and who is not a candidate for brain stimulation therapy. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: a. humanistic. Anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than the antidepressant medications (or buspirone) often prescribed for anxiety. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. 23. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: a. unresolved intrapsychic conflict. How so? Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? As time goes on, the client starts to ask the therapist's permission for everything, instead of just making the decisions on her own. d. It produces a steady stream of low-voltage electricity to the targeted brain areas. d. transference. b. cognitive-behavioral a. humanistic-existential b. biological c. psychodynamic d. sociocultural, 5. 65. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. c. operant conditioning. In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as: Watson and Rayner (1920) conducted one of the most famous studies in psychology. They then realize their worth as a person but also that they are not perfect. b. According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. This form of learning is called: According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. It is difficult to research this perspective. The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. Hence, they experience conditional positive regard. Exemplify the effect of maladaptive cognitions on creating abnormal behavior. Observational learning is learning by watching others and modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. Eventually the fact that no food comes will extinguish this reaction but still, it will be weird for a bit). c. The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness. Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. a. depression b. Huntingtons disease c. social anxiety disorder d. schizophrenia. 2.3.1.4. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. humanist-existential d. cognitive-behavioral. Therefore, there is no such thing as abnormal behavior. d. A child often deliberately (consciously) adopts so-called abnormal behaviors when interacting with the family unit as a way to maintaining homeostasis.. One option to treat severe mental illness is psychotropic medications. The critical thing to understand here is that there is a belief in the realm of mental health that chemical imbalances are responsible for many mental disorders. Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. b. ego. a. b. map, or sequence, genes. 111. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. This form of learning is called: a. shaping. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology by Washington State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Divorce or the death of a spouse can lead to anxiety disorders. Check out Figure 2.10 to see if you do. The nervous system. The sociocultural model has contributed significantly to our understanding of the nuances of mental illness diagnosis, prognosis, course, and treatment for other races, cultures, genders, ethnicities.